Italian Mafia
The most common hypothesis is that it comes from the Arabic word mafia Mahy, 'bravado, boastfulness, bravado. " To reinforce this theory must be remembered that the Arabs occupied Sicily between 965 and 1060.
There are several theories about the origin of the word mafia, whose use began to unfold in the mid-nineteenth century. According to some accounts, his first term appears in an eighteenth-century Italian text against witchcraft, where he was associated with the ideas of ambition and arrogance. Other etymologists say it is a vestige of Arab rule in Sicily in the ninth century, for in that language the word mohi means' rude and aggressive man. "
In the nineteenth century gained a new connotation. When Giuseppe Garibaldi, Italian unifier, he traveled to Sicily to integrate it into continental Italy, had to deal with rebels that he would have called "gangster."
Others believe that the concept reached its current meaning in 1862 with the premiere of a play called The Mafia of the vicarage. The popularity of the work was so great that in Europe became known mafia organized crime, and in 1865 the police used the word to refer to these groupings.
Others argue that 'mafia' is the acronym for the phrase Mazzini Authorizes furti, Fire, Avelenomenti ('Mazzini authorizes thefts, arson and poisoning'), referring to Giuseppe Mazzini, founder of the Italian unit. The mafia have started as such, as Heckethorn, [1] from a combination of poor Sicilian, under the tutelage of Mazzini, began to organize and criminal activities under the protection of the British fleet.
The Mafia is a term used worldwide to refer to a special kind of organized crime. Born in Sicily where called Mafia or Cosa Nostra , and originally a confederation dedicated to the protection and independent exercise of the law (vigilante justice) and, later, to organized crime. Its members called themselves maffiosi, ie "men of honor." Members of the various mafia clans used a series of "codes of honor" inviolable, the best known is the or omerta code of silence.
For centuries, Sicily was dominated by a feudal system that exploited thousands of peasants while a minority enjoyed privileges. These circumstances is considered critical for the emergence of the mafia. Furthermore, the criminal conduct was revealed as the only way to obtain privileges in a society that reserved only for the rich landowners allied political authorities, since the absence of a governance structure organized and able to protect the inhabitants of island, they were forced to strengthen family bonds as an alternative for security. For this reason blood ties are so important in the mafia.
In the nineteenth century, a key figure gabellotti or tax collectors, who administered the property of the aristocrats. They got in return a percentage of harvests but to increase their profits divided the land into small areas and rented to farmers, who also gave them a percentage of the crop. Thus, the gabellotti fulfilled the important social role of mediators between landlords and peasants. Gradually became more powerful and committed acts of corruption: bribe the peasants, misappropriate pasture for livestock feed and organized groups of thieves and rustlers. At the same time, they depended on food supply in cities, allowing them to carry out practices of extortion and speculation in the market. For this reason they are considered as a direct antecedent gabellotti the mafia and their way of doing business.
With Italian unification, the situation did not improve and the promises of welfare and development were not observed. Young people were recruited for military service and most of the population lived in poverty, at the mercy of the new class that held the political and economic power. Once again, I needed to find some way to protect the government and to find effective means of livelihood. The nascent mafia emerged as the most effective option to achieve this, gained momentum and was established as an alternative power.
The Mafia, ally of the state, crushed labor movements and thousands of people left the island in search of better living conditions, most United States
Over time, the term mafia is widespread and, at present, is used to refer to large groups engaged in organized crime or other suspicious activities (eg the Russian Mafia, Triad China or the Japanese Yakuza).
Russian Mafia or Organisatyia
is the name given to several groups of organized criminals in Russia after the fall of the Soviet Union . They are seen as very influential.
These groups emerged during the economic disaster of 1990, which followed the fall of the Soviet Union . Desperate for money, many people began to work for the crime and the mafia was a natural extension of this fact. According to official estimates, about one hundred thousand Russians are the main group, with an unknown number of people involved in criminal practices.
is estimated that many managers and important members of the Russian mafia were former Red Army officers and KGB who lost their jobs in the reduction of forces that began in 1993, after the end of the Cold War . also believed that many of the groups of taxation are former Russian Spetsnaz special forces. The gangs have recruited as many athletes (boxers and martial artists, among others), as sports sponsors have dropped suddenly, and they can offer a substantial gain in these men.
Since mid 1990, the Russians have tried to expand into Latin, usually by drug trafficking and illegal weapons. This has led to brutal wars between organizations so far, including the Italian Mafia and the Japanese Yakuza. Is believed to have contacts with Colombian drug smugglers and many smaller gangs as a result of the fall of the Soviet Union . also believed to be the core of gangs smuggling illegal workers EU and sometimes the UK, although there is no evidence to confirm this reliably.
In recent years, the FBI and Russian security services have taken harsh measures against the mafia, although the impact of this has not been measured. Many gangsters have become rich in North America, and have begun to imitate the Italian mafia in terms of lifestyle. This has led to an apparent softening of the Mafia, and can actually be more dangerous than ever.
In 1998 it was estimated that the Russian mafia had contributed $ 4 billion in the Israeli economy. Recent research by British Polizei, found ex-KGB agents in the "Cosa Nostra", among them are investigated in Skilet "Aрствен Безоп", part of the northern section of the Mafia. Thanks to research, failed to resolve several murders and kidnappings in 1994 by the Mafia group in the sector, led by Skilet.
The yakuza
is the Japanese equivalent of organized crime is a Japanese mafia seventeenth century. The origin of the word is not exactly known, but is said to come from a card game called hanafuda, very popular among bakuto, in which the worst hand is an 8 (ya), a 9 (ku) and a 3 (za). modern The Yakuza has expanded its activities into banking and political corruption. This mafia is one of the most ancient and powerful and is without a doubt, that most members, with approximately of 84,700 members.
During the Edo Period, the figure of the samurai was privileged in society due to their military efficiency and the security services they provided to the community through the daimyo, feudal lords, at the end of the Edo period, Japan began its modern era and continues to unite in one government, so many samurai were dismissed because they were useless to the new destinations of the nation and became known as ronin mercenaries street. They continued doing work independently to their leaders and high society. Over time they began to organize paramilitary groups that protected areas in exchange for food and comfort to the community. Shortly after dominates ending illegal businesses in Japan.
late nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth had control of prostitution, gambling, smuggling, money laundering, entertainment, real estate speculation, extortion and drug trafficking, pornography and weapons. Also, after World War II certain right-wing ideology bands began to operate and extortion in political groups.
His organization was derived from the codes of the samurai but much more structured and strengthened, the whole clan is considered a family where he professes absolute loyalty to the band, ultra-nationalism, obedience to the highest rank and strict and brutal code of honor. The rookies are indoctrinated through the system-Kohai Senpai in which you specify the procedures to punish disloyalty such as amputation of a finger to that member who commits a serious fault or commits treason, that still serves amputation today to recognize the members retired or dissidents.
tattoos within the organization are very important, often reveal the range within the organization, the clan to which one belongs, the motto clan, dragons and samurai mythology. It starts as a small tattoo that you make additions and end up covering large parts of the body, the tattoo is one of the most distinctive physical traits of the yakuza.
is currently divided by 3,000 clans with a total of 100,000 throughout Japan, the most important is called the Yamaguchi-gumi, which is estimated at a size of 40,000 active members, considered the world's largest underworld not only by the number of members but also for its economic power. They are also important clans Rengo-Kai Sumiyoshi-kai and Inagawa, which together with the Yamaguchi-gumi clan move around 15,000 million dollars annually.
outside Japan's yakuza
Outside of Japan few businesses know him. During the nineties, in Mexico, a couple of cases employers recruited young women with promises of work in Japan in the tourism business. But to reach their destination they are recruited into a prostitution ring.
According to estimates by the Association of Hispanic Women (based in Miami, USA. UU.) Near 3000 Mexican women in prostitution in Japan today, after being recruited by the yakuza.
China Mafia
With more than 100 000 members worldwide, the Chinese mafia is the largest and most internationalized. Taking into account China's population, the murderers, victims, gays, Marxists, the disabled, the dead miners are the most numerous of the world. Across numerological relations, the Germans have not given more than a Pope and Nigerians none. The average developer, said the Catholic priest, John the valley, when asked his opinion.
From its bases in Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Taiwan la mafia china ha establecido una fuerte presencia en Europa, Estados Unidos, Australia, Japón, y el sudeste asiático. Y los fast foods de falsa comida cantonesa o mandarina abundan tanto como los millardos de galones de agua contaminada que van río arriba, en dirección a Rusia o el mar. Pero eso a la mafia China, fuquet.
Sus principales centros de operación en China se ubican en Guangdong y Hong Kong. Justo al lado en donde fabrican los juguetes de lata y plástico. Cerca de los fulminantes.
En Europa están presentes en Gran Bretaña, Francia y Holanda; en Australia se ubican en Sydney y Melbourne. En Puerto Rico en Fongs Cream y en China Palace.
En Japón, los chinos dominan Tokio, Sapporo, Osaka and Fokuoka and Southeast Asia, are present in Thailand, Laos and Myanmar. As a curiosity, the Japanese are all over Japan, inclusive. Miami not because they dislike the snuff.
"Sun Yee On" the biggest mafia gang of China and home to around 56 000 members worldwide, followed by the "14K" with 20 thousand members and is mainly engaged in drug trafficking and illegal immigrants. When you decide to take the world is better surrender. Lose the battle fatigue. It is best to be fools, and there are very good people in that office. Bizarre, but in the main English rock band there is not six. Members are like assholes eighteen Tito said Rents, Wasabee singer.
death and violence characterize the activities of the Chinese mafia. And the Russian mafia, and the U.S. and Italy. If there would be a social club. The Dominican Republic is characterized by eating bananas and boricua for shaving and plucking eyebrows while some little girls dancing reggaeton and repeat what they say skinny and the fat that meow, argument Eugenio Cuevas, a scholar of the subject.
In 2000, 50 Chinese illegal immigrants suffocated in a sea container at the British port of Dover. Largest number of Dominicans died trying to reach Puerto Rico, not that that has merited a full report on Univision in English.
And in Australia, in June 2002, the Chinese mafia destroyed several Asian restaurants in Sydney. Unfortunately, in Puerto Rico have not destroyed the restaurant that is at the entrance to San Jose, he left a fat overlooked.
The National Migration Institute (INM) reported that among the undocumented repatriated last year, 815 Americans and 175 Chinese. The strange thing is that if all these people were inside the undocumented, why they were taken to outside? Juana Morales asked hesitantly. A Puerto Rican posed as Mexican but he was caught when he refused to work in agriculture, it was learned.
Mexican Mafia is the best organized of the world. It's almost perfect. Has power. He has money. The police protected. The judges respect and give him pleitecía. Even a significant percentage of the population supports it. In summary, with this background, can make any number of crimes in order to satisfy their endless thirst for more power and money, with the full assurance that barely salvageable find pitfalls as you go.
The map of the Cosa Nostra Mexican
LosArellano Felix, Osiel Cardenas Guillen, Joaquin Guzman Loera, the Carrillo Fuentes family, Armando Valencia, Pedro Díaz Parada y los hermanos Amezcua Contreras.
Esos son los nombres de los capos de la Cosa Nostra mexicana. Siete familias que han sembrado la muerte y la violencia en todos los rincones, con acciones que van desde decapitaciones hasta macabras torturas.
'Amigos' y enemigos por igual caen víctimas de este ejército del crimen que trata de imponer la ley del silencio, so pena de enviar a la tumba a quien se cruce en su camino. Hubo más de 556 muertes por cuenta del narcotráfico este año.
Familias asociadas
De acuerdo con el documento de PGR, the seven major drug trafficking organizations are associated in one way or another with small groups or cells of partners operating in different levels.
cells are under the purview of criminal organizations, especially schools and assassins-are handled with some economic independence, but although they share the same routes and areas of drug trafficking, no relationship between them. Hence the frequent clashes between rival gangs.
also The battle is fought for political control, including influence over ministerial and municipal police, according to human rights activists and other civil organizations. Posters buy loyalty and to the soul of the authorities in exchange for handfuls of dollars.
The Mexican drug lords take an example of the code of honor of the Italian mafia and respect a strict hierarchy where religion comes first, which reveals her superstitious personality. These fearsome drug traffickers often entrusted to the Blessed Death , whose image embedded in the handle of gold from their guns. The cult of the Blessed Death, a skeleton dressed image of the Virgin of Guadalupe has had a boom in recent years in various regions of Mexico but particularly in the border norte con Estados Unidos, donde los fugitivos o encarcelados jefes de la cocaína la veneran.
long-eared Gerbil 
Lori slender, covered with a coat on the back of dark gray to reddish brown with a light stripe running down the center back. The belly and muzzle are whitish. Some authors state that shows no fear. When bites are rarely caught. When a dog cage comes and barks, the Lean Lori approaching the bars of the cage where the dog growls. According to Nekaris (2002) in the diet include insects are toxic. Lori is estimated that apply Lean protects his own urine on the skin and coat. Finished eating the insect, poisonous or not. Their big eyes allow an extraordinary night vision. Lives in Sri Lanka, but is disappearing by habitat destruction and hunting, and his tears are used in traditional medicine. 
elephant shrew golden horn With its long snout catch insects and small invertebrates. It is endemic to Kenya, where he lives in the bushes on the shore. Is related to the elephant, according to scientists. 
Thylacine or Tasmanian tiger was the largest marsupial carnivore on the planet and the last representative of this species. The last thylacine was filmed and photographed alive in 1933, while wandering inside his cage at the Hobart Zoo in Tasmania. Three years later, this last issue would die for a dismissal of their caregivers: forgot to lock the cage in which he slept and the animal died of cold (go neglect). The last images of the thylacine, silent and enigmatic, show an animal that looks like something out of a fantastic story human persecution led to extinction in 
Yangtze River dolphin is the world's rarest cetacean endemic and Chinese river that bears his name. Almost blind, white-tipped. During 2007, several scientific expeditions by river and not sighted any copy, so it is believed extinct, but the Chinese authorities have confirmed. Be the first cetacean to disappear by human activity. 
Toad or Sapo Dorado Monteverde 
The jaguar is the largest cat of America and the third in the world (after the lion and tiger), is also the sole representative of the genus Panthera found in this continent and lives from near-desert areas like the desert of Arizona or the Mexican highlands up as the Amazon rainforests. In Mexico this species is distributed from rainforests of southeastern Mexico to the Rio Grande in the Gulf and the Sierra Madre Occidental of Pacific coast, to the border with Belize and Guatemala. 
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