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The asteroids (Asteroidea) and sea stars



Starfish, common name for 5 orders and thousands of living species of marine invertebrates characterized by having radially arranged arms provided with tubular or ambulacral feet. Some sea stars measuring only 1 to 2 cm from end to end as adults, but some reach 65 cm. The group is abundant in the oceans at all depths.

have been reported around 7000 living species and about 13,000 extinct species known from the fossil record.

belong to the group of marine echinoderms are found in all seas and oceans.

biogeographic regions:
Ocean Arctic, Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Mediterranean Sea. Habitat


the exception of a few species that live in brackish water, all echinoderms are benthic organisms found in marine environments. Living in areas ranging from shallow waters in the power lines to the deep sea.


Description
are usually pentamerous, ie, five arms, but there are also species that only have three arms, while others have many more. The body of the starfish consists of a ventral disk and arms. In the face

lower or ventral disc is the mouth, while the top or back is the anus, the presence of which varies depending on the species.

The center of the disc is occupied by the stomach. The esophagus is surrounded by a ring or annular channel, which leave many longitudinal channels (root canals) and arms have the animal, and extending along the same and close to the ventral side.

On the dorsal side, around a year and some distance from him, there madrepórica or madreporic called plaque, similar to a sieve, through which holes penetrate the water outside. This water is transported through the channels hidróforos, passing into the annular channel and from there to root canals that extend along the arms of the star.

These root canals distribute water circulating in a large number of tiny tubes, each of which terminates in a ambulacral feet. These tube feet are kind of hollow tentacles straighten out and move to inject water into vesicles some of which are provided, following the will of the animal. Behavior



Starfish have developed senses of touch, smell and taste, and also respond to light. Feed on a wide variety of products such as deposits on the ocean floor. Small animals can be eaten whole, in the case larger prey, removed the stomach and digest them outside the body. Some starfish eat bivalves covered opening their arms and inserted inside the stomach. Playing



Most starfish have separate sexes and release sperm and eggs into the water, where fertilization occurs and the early stages of development. Sometimes, the mother retains the eggs in the background and protects. Many sea stars have the power to regenerate body parts, and in some species it becomes a common means of asexual reproduction in which each fragment of the parent star new individuals arise.
Classification


are classified into the following orders: Order
Brisinger


Asteroidea deep. They are between 6 and 16 long, narrow arms that are used for food suspensivore. It includes about 100 species in 17 genera and 6 families.

Order Forcipulatida

pedicellariae is characterized by system includes that are usually clearly visible on the surface of the body. Contains approximately 300 species in 68 genera and 6 families.

Order Notomyotida

Asteroidea deep. It has flexible arms with bands of muscle longitudinal along the inner dorsolateral surface. It includes about 75 species in 12 genera and 1 family.

Order Paxillosida

asteroids are capable of digging in sandy sediments. Are characterized by tube feet, tube and pointy, which have been interpreted as primitive by some authors [1]. It contains about 255 species in 46 genera and 5 families.

Order spinulosa

lack of pedicellariae. Fossil forms are unknown. It includes about 120 species in 9 genera and 1 family.

Order Valvata

is a very diverse group who often apparent marginal ossicles. The inclusion of more families in this order is at issue. It includes about 695 species in 165 genera and 14 families.

Order Velata

have robust body with a great record and interradial depressions. Some 200 known species in 25 genera and 5 families.

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PHYSICAL TRAINING: STRENGTHENING OF LEGS


Anyone familiar with the diving knows that part of our anatomy that most exercise during the dive are the legs (except for cases such as people with disabilities), and helped them by the fins get in the water and propel it is important that our primary means of propulsion is in good shape to avoid inconvenience or upset due to possible situations that require extra effort.

To toned and strong muscles in our lower extremities in conditions there are several formulas, running, stair climbing, weight training and probably some more, I am going to suggest an exercise that I believe is essential to keep this part of our anatomy in shape.

The squat or squat

is considered the most comprehensive exercise to develop lower body. Made in any of its variants, the squat can focus specific muscle almost automatically.

During the technical execution of the squat, the bar should be placed on the trapeze and not on the vertebrae. From there, with good separation of legs, the performer begins to descend and keep your back straight at all times. The precise statement is usually "look up and forward, pulling the tail." Completed the descent, the athlete begins to extend the knee to get up and start a new Repetition.

is essential, among other things, start exercising after a good warm up. Flexibility is important in this regard. The athlete should not lift your heels off the floor, something he would lose his base of support. If this fails, you should use some sort of supplement, in gyms is very common to see weight disks are placed so that the player can support their heels.

then different variations of the squat, analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of each. As a generality, we can distinguish four types of squat:

* 1 / 4 squat, where the performer does not reach the knee line. This variant can be practiced both by experts and beginners, in the warm or main job, with little influence on athletes or high weight recovery in athletes who are still learning stage of technical movements. It is a relatively straightforward exercise, with little commitment to muscular or nervous because of its short range of motion.
* 1 / 2 squat (1 / 2 squat): here the athlete takes the hip to the knee line. This variant can be developed by prinicipiantes or experts, but has some detractors who oppose this motion arguing that the brake It is caused by muscle tension and not the bony confines, such as in the squat. Anyway, the 1 / 2 squat can move more weight than the squat because it uses the traction angle (90 °) at the knee. In this variant there is a greater involvement of the quadriceps relative to other lower body muscles.
* Sentandilla profound: without doubt the most intense variant of squats, only suitable for experienced athletes. Critics say that there is an unnecessary overhead at the patellar tendon. Unnecessary because, they say, the squat movement does not apply to any technical gesture. Proponents argue, however, that the degree of fiber recruitment is the highest, and that is why efforts should be made. In this version focuses work on glutes, adductors and hamstrings.
* Front Squats: This interesting Alternatively, very rarely seen, the bar rests on the anterior deltoid, with folded arms on it. Its proponents argue that the technique "download" the pressure on the spine, which is very true.

Another variation of the squat, more work on bodybuilders because of its specificity, is the squat with legs apart. Here the performer is placed at a distance of feet higher than shoulder width, focusing the work on the buttocks and the adductors.

But no matter which alternative is realized, but the care taken in its implementation. It is important to learn the correct technique of execution, then start working with low weight and increase it gradually. If you arrive to move very high loads, it is imperative the presence of an attentive assistant as prevention.

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CANARY ISLANDS SPECIES: Chilomycterus ATRINGA

Common name: spiny

Family: Diodontidae. Coastal benthic species

Habitat: It can be found from 5 to 50 m depth, usually in caves and crevices during the day.

Overview: tropical marine species, the spiny animal is very beneficial in the Canary Islands since it is the main predator of the long-spined sea urchins, which are a blight on their costas.Pero due to their prominence when they swell, have been heavily harvested for ornaments in bars and homes. Luckily, have long since stopped fishing and little by little is repopulated. In the island of El Hierro is where most abundant. It has the ability to "inflate" swallowing water when you feel harassed, the increase in volume and the erection of the spines that has on the skin, making it a difficult prey. Inhabits the western Atlantic coast and east.

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DIVE TEAM: ACCIDENTS


Stage 1

This is the part of the regulator is attached the cylinder valve, through a system of INT or DIN connection.
Its mission is to reduce the variable pressure of the cylinder at a constant pressure of 10 atm . above the ambient pressure

The Stage 1 is a source of air at a constant pressure of 10 atm. above the ambient pressure. For this to be so necessary that the water entering the area where the dock. Thus the external pressure of water is added to the spring force. In other words, whatever the depth to which we find between the interior and exterior of the hose will always be a pressure difference of 10 atm. Any manufacturer
1as adjusts its stages to 12 atm. but usually it is between 9 and 10 atm.

In a very schematic consists of:

A high pressure valve that opens and closes the passage between the high-end camera (in direct contact with the variable pressure on the bottle) and lower chamber, which will be 10 atm. above the ambient pressure and reaching for the hose to the low pressure valve located on the 2nd stage regulator.

2 º) A membrane that deforms or moves a piston, pushing and opening the valve discharge.

3 º) A spring that allows low-pressure regulation, which the factory and after the revisions must be set so that we of the 10 atm. mentioned.

How does

can be of two types diaphragm or piston, in this case we use the example of the mechanism of membrane.

Before the tap:
The spring and ambient pressure push and deform the membrane that holds the valve high, open (all the controllers when not connected with high open valve). At this time the lower valve (second stage) is closed.

Open the tap:
The air begins to flow, the pressure begins to grow past the camera high to low through the valve discharge. This pressure compresses the diaphragm against the spring until arriving at 10 atm. stop pushing the membrane valve high, allowing it to close. By now, no more air passes through the valve so the pressure of the lower chamber remains constant.
The value of 10 atm. depends on how strong or weak we have adjusted the spring. If the thread compress again this spring, we will need more pressure build up to allow close the valve and the pressure of the lower chamber will be higher.

During the dive: consume
As air pressure in the lower chamber is no longer in balance with the force exerted by the spring and ambient pressure transmitted through the membrane so the dock again pushes the membrane that in turn opens the valve high, allowing air to pass from one chamber to another until equilibrium is restored to 10 atm. This cycle is repeated every time we breathe or inflate the vest.

1 st Connections

stage a) High Pressure .- Communicate via a drill Alta.Está chamber marked with the letters " HP (High Pressure). Type of thread: SAE 7 / 16 "Minimum number of connections: 1 Accessories attached: - gauge or transducer High dive computer to control the air.

b) .- low pressure chamber communicates with the Baja. Normally no marks or occasionally with the letters "LP (Low Pressure). Thread Type SAE 3 / 8" . Minimum number of connections : 3. connect Accessories: Hose Stage 2 of the principal. Hose the auxiliary stage 2 (Octopus). Hose vest. Hose dry suit.

The low pressure (SAE 3 / 8 ") also connect the" low pressure gauge. "
This instrument is only used by manufacturers and technical services during the adjustment operation and calibration of the first stage. This operation controls the value and reduced pressure swing low.

In some early stages, some or all of the connections Low Pressure are located in a rotating turret, which facilitates the orientation of the attached accessories or even stress can reduce the hose from the main controller transmits the diver's mouth.

As we can see, the type of thread used for connections of high and low pressure are different. The reason is obvious: to prevent accidental connection of an attachment of low pressure to high pressure outlet.

long ago that this is so, but regulators in the first two connection types have the same type of thread ( SAE 3 / 8 ") . It was the technician who performed the proper connection. Then came adapters that allow regulators to combine old with new generation gauges. But all this is history and current sports diver must use only standard equipment and inventions flee home.

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REGULATOR II: RESPIRATORY barotrauma

PRESSURE PULMONARY SYNDROME

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

In emergency or panic, the diver may rise and drop sharply in depth apnea either dives of work and leisure.

Subject decompressive accidents that it can induce and depend on the maximum depth and time spent in the background, the sudden decrease of pressure will produce an increase in intrapulmonary air volume that can easily overcome in a short space of time the limit of relaxation and expansion, the diver during ascent must expel all the remaining air from the lungs of otherwise cause major organ damage. If for example the emergency was being produced at a depth of 30 meters theoretical lung capacity of 5 liters at a pressure of 4 atmospheres (405 kPa) will be converted into 20 liters to reach the surface, ie, the diver must be removed during the rise of 15 liters of extra air. Otherwise the excess volume intrapulmonary cause a series of adverse events. For a moment the chest cavity becomes a pressure vessel that maintains intrathoracic pressure above ambient. The trapped air will seek out all possible avenues permeated pipes and virtual spaces.

hyperextended lungs would exceed the limits of expansion and would cause tearing or rupture of the parenchyma, which in extreme cases could even lead to a burst lung. In case of obstacles to free air travel, due to mucus plugs eg in this case, the break could be limited to only one lobe or one segment.

Sometimes the lungs, well protected by its own structures could be adapted to the pressure without producing organ damage. In these cases the air out by natural look, becoming real and virtual spaces and open passages and arteriocapilares arteriovenous communications, maintaining the anatomical integrity but surely clicking extrapulmonary air to areas leading in most cases to a pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum , subcutaneous emphysema and gas embolism.

To avoid such problems it never hurts to take into account the possibility that one can find in a situation that involves the rise in sleep apnea and try to perform exercises in preparation for these cases. It is quite difficult to find a diver to be aware of these issues, especially because this instruction is usually given a very brief and not re-run by most divers, especially in the case of sports.

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APPLIED PHYSICS: ACT

Relationship between pressure and volume of a gas when the temperature is constant

was discovered by Robert Boyle in 1662. Edme Mariotte also reached the same conclusion that Boyle, but did not publish his work until 1676. This is the reason why in many books we have this law as the law of Boyle and Mariotte.

"In an isothermal process (constant temperature) the volume of a gas varies inversely proportional to absolute pressure at which this subject, while the density varies in proportion to the .

law Boyle states that the pressure of a gas in an enclosed space is inversely proportional to the volume of container, when the temperature is constant, ie

The volume is inversely proportional to the pressure: • If the pressure increases, volume decreases. • If the pressure decreases, volume increases.

Why does this happen?

By increasing the volume of particles (atoms or molecules) of gas take longer to reach the vessel walls and therefore collide less often per unit time against them. This means that the pressure will be less as this represents the frequency of collisions of gas against the walls.

When the volume distance particles have to travel less and therefore there are more shocks in each unit of time: increasing the pressure.

What Boyle discovered is that if the amount of gas and the temperature remains constant, the product of pressure and volume is always the same value.

As we have seen, the expression mathematics of this law is:

(the product of pressure and volume is constant)

Suppose we have a certain volume of gas V ₁ found at a pressure P ₁ the beginning of the experiment. If we vary the volume of gas to a new value V ₂ , then the pressure changes to P ₂ , and it shall come

which is another way of expressing the law of Boyle.

Example:

4.0 L of a gas are at 600.0 mmHg. What will be its new volume if we increase the pressure to 800.0 mmHg?

Solution: Substitute the values \u200b\u200binto the equation P ₁ V ₁ = P ₂ V ₂ .

(600.0 mmHg) (4.0 L) = (800.0 mmHg) (V ₂ )

If you clear V 2 get a value for the new volume of 3L.

HISTORY

Robert Boyle was born aristocrat home in Lismore Castle in Lismore, Waterford, Ireland, in 1627 seventh son and fourteenth in total, the wealthy Earl of Cork. Still a child, learned to speak Latin and French, being sent only eight years at Eton College, of which he was director of her father's friend Sir Henry Wotton. At 15, he started traveling with a French tutor. He lived about two years in Geneva and visiting Italy in 1641, spent the winter in Florence studying the paradoxes of Galileo Galilei, who pass away the following year.

In 1657, reading about the air pump by Otto von Guericke, was proposed with the help of Robert Hooke develop improvements in its construction, which resulted in the machine or pneumatic machine Boyleana completed in 1659 and it started with a series of experiments on the properties of air. In 1660, he published an account of the work done with that instrument with the title New Experiments PhysicoMechanical Touching the Spring of Air and Its Effects (New Physico-mechanical experiments on the elasticity of air and its effects).

Using such a bomb, was the first to demonstrate Galileo's assertion that in a vacuum, a feather and a lump of lead fall at the same speed, and also established that the sound is not transmitted in a vacuum. His most important discovery because of the vacuum pump was the beginning (called later, Boyle's Law) that the volume occupied by a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure with which the gas is compressed and also that, if eliminates the pressure, the air "recovered" (his own word) of its original volume. Having established that the air was compressible. Boyle was convinced that it was composed of small particles separated by empty space. All these ideas were published in a book with a title very long, often called "the elasticity of the air" played a significant role in establishing the idea of \u200b\u200bthe atomic nature of matter.

In the field of chemistry, Boyle noted that the air is consumed in the combustion process and that metals gain weight when oxidized. Recognized the difference between a compound and a mixture, and formulated his atomic theory of matter based on laboratory experiments.

Among the critics of the theories expounded in this work was the Jesuit Franciscus Linus (1595-1675), while answering his objections that Boyle enunciated the volume of a gas varies inversely pressure, known in the Anglo-Saxon as Boyle's Law, and the rest of Europe as Boyle's law, although the latter was not published until 1676.

Around 1689, his health, never very robust, began to fail, forcing him to withdraw from her public engagements, ceasing his communications with the Royal Society and making public their desire to be excused from receiving visitors, except in very special occasions, Tuesday and Friday mornings and Wednesday and Saturday afternoon. His health deteriorated in 1691 and died on 30 December that year when beaten by a court, just a week after his sister died, with whom he had lived more than 20 years. His body was interred in the chapel of St Martin's in the Fields, after a funeral officiated by his friend Bishop Burnet.

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BOYLE'S FIRST DIVE TEAMS

These devices were originally created for use in areas contaminated by smoke or poisonous gases. For years, were employed to conduct rescue work in mines and in areas susceptible to flooding. It was not until later that suggested the use of such equipment under water.

All teams closed-circuit self based on the same principle: the diver breathes again and again the same charge of air that is renewed by a chemical that absorbs excess CO2 generated by respiration.

prototype Stephan The Halls

The earliest references that are on these teams are a British botanist named Stephan Halls, who designed this facility to enhance the security of the British miners . The apparatus consisted of a breathing bag leather walls were lined with flannel soaked with a mixture of seawater and a chemical compound of sodium, chloride and phosphate of lime. A curved tube connected the breathing bag with a valve.

Salt and chemical were used to absorb CO2 from the exhaled air was breathed again. Halls himself claimed that the autonomy of this equipment was about 8 or 9 minutes, but experts believe that an allowance is disproportionate. The device contained relatively little air, so that despite the absorption of CO2, the diver oxygen depletion after a few minutes and come a time to die for lack of that component.

The first bottles of air

The first team was really effective Henry Fleus invented in 1876. It was a scuba apparatus compact, simple and easy to transport. Circuit was closed, and had a bottle of thirty atmospheres laden air and a cartridge containing CO2 absorbent.

This new mechanism was revolutionary, because it lengthened the time spent under water until 2 hours, but little depth. Soon after, the team thought a helmet incorporating copper, giving it the look of classic diver that everyone present.

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TECHNICAL DIVE BUOYANCY II

There are two maxims for good buoyancy:

Controlled breathing and correct use of the vest.

Any instructor or experienced diver will give you a memorable example: air-filled balloons, but when you lose ascend, descend.

buoyancy system of most fish is based on the swim vegiga :

membranous sac that possess the most fish by the gastrointestinal tract, and allows the fish to swim, float and maintain stability in the water by its swelling with gas. The filling and emptying system is created using a vascularized in which the gases diffuse through a fine network of blood vessels lining the bladder. Once achieved
buoyancy 0, allows the fish to remain stable without spending any energy. It is a unique organ in bony fish, fish not found in Chondrichthyes.

As we do not possess this type of organ in our body, we manage with the lungs and the vest.

controlled breathing.

P ara ascend gradually inspired air, and fill your lungs full or to reach the depth you want. To descend, empty the lungs slowly and you'll make with ease. Remember to make a quiet breath, because if you do it in a jerky fashion, will not reach to fill or empty air your lungs and not experience any rise or descenso.Tampoco have to do so sharply as you can not control the stability and depth properly.

vest Correct use:

should be deflated rapidly in any position. To do so, must use any strings deflation, not only the trachea or fly system. By immersing the trachea only when we loose air air vest and are upright with his head toward the surface. If on the contrary, we are in a horizontal position, the trachea is not useful for anything and we use other airless cords to descend.

The vest is not only deflates; should know when you get to inflate so as not to dive below the depth that is intended and also to avoid bumping against the bottom . Keep in mind that inflate the vest from time to time to reach deeper involves consuming no more air in the bottle , on the contrary, the effort will be made to maintain neutral buoyancy vest unfilled generate a much higher consumption of air.

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DIVE TEAM: THE EARLY ORIGINS REGULATOR I

As you descend within the water, the ambient pressure increases at a rate of about 1 kg/cm2 for every 10 meters. deep. The musculature of the rib cage is capable of pumping air into our lungs winning only a slight difference in pressure between our mouths and carried out by means of our lungs. So when we dive into the water we need some device or talent that you provide air (or breathing gas), exactly the same pressure that is our environment (pressure will vary with changes in elevation).
On the other hand, this air must be supplied in the amount (caudal) necessary in every situation of demand (variable respiratory rate and volume ventilated by the lungs in each respiratory cycle) depending on the physiological characteristics of individual and the situation where you are (fatigue, stress, temperature, etc.).. This flow must be provided, of course, with minimal effort. Our air reservoir (bottle) is changing its pressure as we consume its contents. The respirator should not acknowledge this change and maintain their performance throughout the dive.
The device in question is called a demand regulator, as the air supply is not continuous but is produced when requested by our breath.

is important to clarify concepts such as flow and respiratory effort .

every breath a given respiratory rate, our lungs air the same volume of air, whether we are on the surface as if we are 30 meters. deep. However, in this volume of air surface is 1 atm. pressure and 30 mts. that volume of air at 4 atm. (1 atm. + 3 atm surface. Column of 30 meters. Of water). Ie we are moving the same volume but four times more dense. In our controller we are asking four times the flow. So consumption will also four times higher).
Another thing different is the effort (depression) that my lungs must exert to keep open the regulator valve and get that much air.
This effort must be as small as possible and measured in millibars (mbar ) or equivalently cm. water column (cm.c.H2O) . Will be negative during inhalation and positive during exhalation.
The air we breathe heavier as we descend. Therefore expected that the effort needed to breathe increases with depth and it is. In fact, the effort required to exhale through the regulator increases progressively with depth. However, there are engineering discoveries as the Venturi effect to make, during inhalation, the controller may put even more "soft", if well designed. Maintain controlled Venturi effect, without being over-pressure at any depth is another story. But do not run and go step by step.
For the amount of air flow or to ask a controller unit of measurement are liters / minute .

In order that a regulator has a low inhalation effort and nice behavior that controller must be submitted to a depth of 50 or 60 meters. (According to EN250 standard and U.S. Navy standards, respectively) and request a rate much higher than normal use.
Obviously for this to be objective, you must perform these tests with a breathing simulator contained in hyperbaric chambers, which reproduce the extreme operating conditions, obtaining measurements of effort and special graphics. The test conditions and interpretation of results were established first by the U.S. Navy and collected by the European Standard EN250.

Operation
regulator

used in scuba diving bottles filled to 200 atm. (In ground equipment such as fire, used bottles to 300 atm.). The regulator is going to reduce the variable pressure during immersion at ambient pressure. It would be virtually impossible to achieve a constant performance and the sensitivity required in a pressure reduction alone. Therefore, this pressure reduction is done in two stages. Even former regulators bitráquea were two stages (except for some very archaic model). In these two stages were built in the same metal body reported by a drill. In the current two-stage regulators are separated and linked by a flexible hose.

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find the first references to these techniques in ancient Greece (360 BC). The historian and philosopher Aristotle referred to in his "problematic," a device that could be from an air bag or cap to a diving bell. By your description it's likely to be a bell to which Aristotle himself called "Lebeta" or "cauldron".

Apart from the classic tales, the first rudimentary mills known through the stone carvings found in the Assyrian temples. In ancient Thebes, the temple of Deir el-Bahari, there are stone reliefs you underwater explorers accounts of Queen Hatshepsut, in the ninth century BC C. Where they show men swimming under water, feeding air to it contained in a skin of leather that hold with one arm.

The Crusades

also known that during the Third Crusade, was an Egyptian by the name Issa service of Saladin, who was in charge of swimming under the Christian fleet vessels to exercise besieging Acre messenger. Issa should reference the engravings of Deir-el-Bahari, and employing a full coat of air allowed to make their journeys submerged and without rising to the surface, where it could be easily discovered by enemy ships. As we can see, these skins or leather skins are loaded air, with slight variations, modern dive bottles that are used today.

Already in the twelfth century there are references to crude pumping systems, which allow extending the immersion time. Bohaddin The Arab historian, recounted that during the siege of the city crossed Ptolomais, Arab diver managed to penetrate the city using diving apparatus allowing him to receive air from the surface and he called the "bellows" or "jug." Unfortunately does not describe the device used, but presumably it was a kind of tube through which air is pumped aspired from the outside.

wetsuit

Already in the thirteenth century, we find the first full prototype suit diver. Kyes German author described in 1405 a suit to work underwater, consisting of a leather jacket with a metal helmet fitted with two glass windows. The jacket and helmet were lined with a spongy material for better air retention. The upper Hull came a leather tube connected to an air sac.

The contributions of Leonardo Da Vinci

Even the great Leonardo Da Vinci made his first steps into the world of underwater equipment design. In 1500, several elements designed for diving and wrote several treatises on it. Unfortunately, these designs were stolen at the time by Napoleon during his campaign in Italy.

Two of the models designed by the Italian inventor represent a simple respiratory ara use in shallow water. Is a sort of molded mouth to mouth, attached to the surface through a duct similar to the current airway. Thus, this mechanism could be what we now know as the mouthpiece of the tube or the regulator.

also Da Vinci could also claim "patent" of the face mask, as another of her designs displays a kind of full helmet and goggles, complete with a breathing tube to the surface. The same applies to the fins, a device to which the Italian inventor and then attributed much importance in the equipment of a diver.

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OF DIVING OPERATION PLANNING OF DIVING

Description

is done by closing the glottis (like when you're about to make an effort) then we take air and pinched nose can force the pronunciation of "K" or a "GU" guttural. During the maneuver increases the posterior dorsum of the tongue against the palate, while the Adam's apple rises and falls again. With practice you can perform the maneuver if pinched his nose with the advantage associated with having both hands free.

History

Hermann Frenzel May 16, 1895 - December 3 of 1967

medical doctor from Germany and commander of the Luftwaffe in World War II designed and taught this technique in in 1938 for pilots and the German paratroopers, so that might make the ears while maintaining a free hand as performed declines sharply over the actions of bombardment or parachute jumps respectively.

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Frenzel, ESTIMATED RISK

Plan dives is to ensure a high success rate at the time to enjoy the dives. Good preparation keep away the mistakes that often wreak havoc with our dives. The planning immersion need not be a complicated task and should not be seen as the boring part of the activity. should be a part of the fun and enjoy our sport.


planning and control before the trip

Once reunited with his diving partner or group, decide on your goal in the dives. Explore new dive sites, locating species, taking pictures, etc.. With one goal in mind, the dive must be planned by dividing each task and assigning the roles, who will lead the dive, etc.

advance Choose a dive site is good for the target. Planning alternative dive sites if meet conditions not suitable for its original objectives of the dive day. decide on the best time to go and directions.

Inspect all the computer. Insure that the bottles are filled while wearing their own . Use a checklist to check the computer to see if anything is missing or has to be repaired before your trip. Each piece of equipment is very important. If you wait to make the findings of the team in place of immersion is possible that some of the equipment is broken or damaged and could cause cancellation of the dives.

Before embarking on the trip should be get a current weather report. Gather elements such as certification, insurance and log book, sunglasses, purse, lunch and refrigerator and ice. And of course do not forget the bag or computer case.

planning before diving

If you do not dive with a dive center must submit a dive plan to someone who will not make the immersion, ie to present their intentions to dive where the dive sites alternatives, departure and arrival time and instructions on how to act in case of delay.

Check back time to decide where to start and go out, check for signs of diving partner or peer group, and review what to do if you become separated or lost from sight. Agreeing with respect to the maximum dive time, depth and air supply limits. In other words, just before entering the water is the time to discuss all things possible while still able to speak.


risk analysis

When performing a risk analysis, divers must not only identify risks potential should also be able to honestly assess their tolerance to dive out of the normal zone of comfort, including the degree of preparation, physical endurance and mental stress they can tolerate. When using a risk analysis of all potential risks are identified, most divers opt for lower risk profiles. It should be understood that the risk in diving, can not be deleted, but if you identify and minimize it. All forms of diving have some degree of risk.

Points to consider in the basic planning of dives.

The more extreme the dive, the higher the price in terms of risk exposure.

When handling the risk profile, divers must identify all potential variables and What if ....?

List all potential problem areas, propose a solution to overcome each of them. Once the list is complete, assess whether the risk is acceptable.

When exploring new areas, reduce risk by developing each goal progressively.

Visualization can help solve problems before they happen.

Regardless of her personal risk tolerance, there is no acceptable reason to push the limits of depth. Deep dives the diver with air exposed to the combined effects of O2, nitrogen narcosis, carbon dioxide retention. When these factors are combined with debilitating Physiological strenuous work because of poor environmental conditions (swell, strong currents, etc..), A dip that usually has an acceptable risk can put life threatening. Statistics show that deep diving records will continue to rise. The way to achieve this is accompanied by those who did not.

First

safety, do not forget to dive to enjoy our sport being embarrassed or not to take unnecessary risks.

High Cervix Position Before Period

hyperbaric oxygenation, hyperbaric chamber

HBO (Hyperbaric Oxygen) is a method of treatment of orthodox medicine, which consists of patient breathing 100% oxygen under pressure, from 1.5 to 3 atmospheres absolute (ATA), equivalent to the pressure that rests on the water to a depth between 5 and 20 meters. Oxygen is supplied in specialized handling equipment called "hyperbaric chamber." By combining pressure and oxygen, generating a range of physical and physiological effects of high beneficial application in a growing number of diseases. HBO therapy are not only suitable for patients with certain disease, but it can be used by everyone with the aim of revitalizing all organs, skin tone, improve and stimulate the immune system, and thus prevent disease, stay healthy and prolong life with quality.

A hyperbaric chamber is an airtight container constructed of welded steel plates, often in a cylinder which is pressurized with air or oxygen and simulates or creates a certain depth. Armed with a range of systems and accessories that allow the controlled increase of pressure.
is specially designed with several options for control and protection that supports high environmental pressures, gases or liquids, for medical or research. There are several types of portable cameras, cars, two seater, Escazu, etc.

The patient is placed in the hyperbaric chamber which ambient air is pressurized by injecting purified compressed to the pressure established by the hyperbaric medicine specialist underwater breathing pure oxygen exposure time (isopressure) of about 50 minutes as promedio.Primero experience some heat in the body as the chamber is pressurized, then feel the pressure change which is similar to that occasionally feels a flight plane (the ears are plugged.)

Then you have the list of hyperbaric chambers that are in Spain today, plus you do not always print it and take our dive trips

COMMUNITY	province	CENTER	PHONE	FAX
ANDALUCIA CADIZ		Strait Diving Nucleo
	MALAGA	JACRISSA Hyperbaric Medicine Unit Clinical "The Angel"	February 1923 952 33 952 34 81 00
ARAGON ZARAGOZA		Military Hospital of Zaragoza
	ZARAGOZA	Pontoneros Regiment
BALEARIC	MALLORCA	MEDISUB CB Juaneda Clinic (Palma)	99 83 99 908 971 73 16 47	971 54 88 77
		Majorca North Coast Unit (Calvia)	971 October 26, 1976
		MENORCA Island Council Menorca Fire Station No. 1 (Mahon)	971 35 October 1911 971 35 15 15
		IBIZA Our Lady of the Rosary Polyclinic	971 30 19 16
CANARIAS FUERTEVENTURA		Cdad.Propietarios Hyperbaric Chamber Robinson-Club Jandia	928 54 15 43 928 54 April 1920	928 54 13 66
		Gran Canaria Diving Core Arsenal de las Palmas
	GRAN CANARIA	Top Diving Puerto Rico	928 56 June 1909
	LANZAROTE	Ctro.de Diving Atlantis Puerto Del Carmen	928 51 July 1917
	TENERIFE	University Hospital de Canarias La Laguna	922 64 December 2000
	CATALONIA BARCELONA	Therapeutic Hyperbaric Unit CRIS Red Cross Hospital	93 433 15 51	37 36 93 450
		Girona Hospital de Palamos UMH	972 972 60 January 1960 60 June 1920
GALICIA	Coruña (Ferrol)	Dive Center Cantabrian
	Coruña (Ferrol)	Naval Hospital in Ferrol
	MADRID MADRID Barom	Hyperbaric Medicine Unit Hospital de la Zarzuela (Aravaca)	91 357 13 85
	MADRID	Civil Guard Motor Park
	MURCIA MURCIA (Cartagena)	Clinical Practise C / Españoleto 13 Cartagena Murcia 30204	968330033 968 081 160
	Murcia (Cartagena)	Sto. and Royal Hospital of Charity	968 51 March 2000
	Murcia (Cartagena)	Dive Center Euskadi Mutriku Mutriku
BASQUE	GUIPUZCOA	Dive Center Euskadi Mutriku Mutriku	943 19 50 88	965 211 409 965 144 790
VALENCIA	ALICANTE	MEDIBAROX Hyperbaric Medicine Unit of Perpetual Help Sanatorium	965 November 20, 2000	965 211 409 965 144 790
		CASTELLON Castellón General Hospital Therapeutic Hyperbaric Unit Avda Benicassim s / n 12004 Castellón	964 72 65 00

Difference Between Minohd And Ultra Hd

MEDITERRANEAN FISH: THE Cabrach

belongs to the family of the scorpion, Escorpeniformes order. It is also known by the name of red rockfish, sea devil kabrarroka or because of their strange looks and striking red. Of the same family as the rockfish or scorpionfish scorpionfish cabrilla.El usually remains quiet and hidden on the seabed between 20 and 200 meters deep, and can be located either alone or in groups. Young specimens are closer to the sea as adults. The scorpionfish is typical of northeastern Atlantic waters from the British Isles to Senegal, and also abounds on the shores of the Canary Islands, Madeira and the Azores and the Mediterranean Sea.


-
Species Scorpaena scrofa (commonly called "Scorpion Fish"): It can reach 50cm in length and reddish, pink or something brown, with darker blotches and lighter. Ctenoid body covered with scales large, almost as wide as long, presenting a 45 in his sideline. Bulky head with well-developed dermal appendages and abundant thorns.
-Scorpaena
Porcus (commonly called "Rockfish"): It can reach up to 30 cm in length and brown coloration is more or less clear, with dark and light spots that can lead to transverse bands on the sides and median fins. Ctenoid body covered in scales small, showing 65 to 70 lateral line scales.
-Scorpaena
loppei: It can reach up to 10 cm in length and coloration is reddish-pink with many dark and light spots, dark spot highlighting the spiny portion of dorsal fin. Ctenoid body covered with scales, showing 30 to 40 lateral line scales. Head not too voluminous, with well-developed dermal appendages and abundant thorns.

Its weight can reach nearly 3 kg but are rare examples of more than 1.5-2 kg. Usually found at depths from 10 to 500 m in rocky or sandy funds vegetation where it can be seen partially buried, but you can find a little water, and is a species that according to that area is very popular in contrast gastronomicamante in others where it is valued.

When threatened, the fish up the dorsal fin and the gill cover, coated with poisonous spines. However, the defense is passive, never attacks in these cases, just run away. As their camouflage is virtually perfect, it's easy not to see them while diving near them.

Be careful with your hands, because we can put on a scorpion fish without realizing it and get a painful wound, with an ardent and persistent pain and considerable swelling but no serious consequences. The spines are poisonous even when the fish is dead.

Pitting
local treatment of the bite will consist of cleaning and disinfection of the area as if it were a wound. Another action that we can implement is to immerse the injured area in hot water at high temperature that the affected are able to tolerate, since the nature of these fish inoculated venom is protein, which will cause a distortion of the proteins by heat and thus inactivation of the venom.
Although in most cases you will not need to take more aggressive action, those affected will be sent to a hospital for treatment with corticosteroids to prevent inflammatory responses that may occur and if necessary local anesthetic infiltration (lidocaine type) to refer pain.

Connecting External Hardrive To Lg Tv

AIR SAVING TECHNIQUES OPERATION


Then I leave a collection of technical recommendations to save air consumption.


Breathe slowly - Breathe slowly, if possible slightly longer pause after inspiration, relax. Deep breathing provides a gas exchange in the lungs more effectively. It will take some practice and concentration make it a habit under water. Relaxation

- The most important factor in saving air is relaxation. A stressed or anxious diver can easily consume double or triple what they need to be relaxed. This can usually warn new divers that are not completely comfortable under water.
sure you are rested and that you are mentally and physically prepared for the dive. Diving
regularly increase your confidence and improve your skills under water, especially buoyancy control.

Buoyancy - buoyancy control has a direct impact on air consumption. Carry as little possible ballast, but the correct amount, allowing the buoyancy control much easier. If you'll spend some energy and air ballast continuously swim down and on the contrary, an excessive burden will force you to swim continuously upward. With the help of an instructor or a Divecon can spend 5 minutes at the beginning of a dive to make sure you are properly ballasted.

Fitness - The fitter you are, your cardio vascular system and lungs are more efficient in gas exchange, and need less oxygen.

practice sports like swimming, jogging or biking are especially indicated as an adjunct to diving.

Mask - Many divers use more air than needed to clear the mask. Learn how to empty it with the amount of air required. Practice

emptying mask whenever we have time we will help you gain confidence and to do so with greater ease in all circumstances.

Safety in implementing this basic maneuver allows the diver to stay calm, reduce stress and moderate your intake of air.

not waste air - When safely possible, use the snorkel in place of the regulator. Avoid placing the regulator in continuous flow to enter the water.

horizontal position and dynamics - the more volume holding an object in the water, the water will have to move to move. Horizontal stay is an important factor that significantly reduces the resistance to movement through water, and therefore has a direct relationship with the air consumption. Make sure your tools are not loose but firmly secured to the vest. If you use a dry suit, seeks to inject the least amount of air in the suit, just to relieve the block.

Ballast - A diver properly ballasted and taking his belt ergonomically appropriate position will be able to keep a horizontal position without effort and get more comfortable underwater.

A diver who bears the burden too high or too low will consume more energy and air trying to hold the position using your arms and legs so inefficient.

Economy of movement - Water is 800 times denser than air so we move our arms a much greater effort is submerged. Do not use your arms and hands to swim, keep them close to the body or crossed against the chest. Always move slowly, as if in slow motion, and learn to use the current to your advantage to move. Diving is not a race to see who goes further.

If the current is against, remains near the bottom and gently used rocks to help you advance. Boulders used as a shield against the current if possible. Technical

flutter - Use a flutter style inefficient, such as pedaling a bicycle, it will consume much more energy and therefore spend more air. A leisurely flutter or a frog kick style can significantly reduce the effort and save air.

Temperature - much more to cool our body, the higher our intake of air to maintain proper body temperature. Make sure you are sufficiently protected from cold and dry suits used if necessary to the proper thermal protection at all times.

diving in very cold water can pose a significant body heat loss.

Orientation - security that we will find out the anchor on our own self-esteem will increase and decrease under water stress, and thereby reduce our consumption of air.

Hedgefund Reo For Sale

Description
name due to a medical doctor Joseph Toynbee (1815-1866). It was the first to identify that the clicks you hear when you swallow, under the opening of the tubes to equalize pressure in the middle ear.

consists pinch the nose and then swallowing. The muscles of the throat with swallowing, throw open the trunk. In turn, swallowing, stuffy nose with a reduction conditions rhinopharyngeal pressure is transmitted to the middle ear, if the tube is patent.

This technique is not recommended for divers who have swallowing problems during the dive. Nor is it recommended for downhill fast, because when not working on the first try, and the positive pressure has begun to exert its effect on the middle ear, it is increasingly difficult to open the trunk.

Not all divers fail to make up well with this, since it requires a good tubal patency. It is also used in decompression chambers for many divers. History

Joseph Toynbee, born in 1815, was one of 15 children of a farmer in Lincoln. studied medicine in London, and was well known for their great work with the poor, protection of health and public health. in 1855 created the first unit of otolaryngology in the UK in the St Mary's Hospital, Paddington. The three-bed unit was created in order to treat diseases of the ear, nose and throat.

was pioneered many breakthroughs in the field of otolaryngology, including the artificial propagation of tympanic membrane and the modern otoscope. His contribution to the understanding and treatment of diseases of the ear can not be dismissed.

After suffering tinnitus ( medical term for "hearing" noises in the ears when there is no external sound source) for a long time, Toynbee died in 1866 after inhaling the fumes of hydrocyanic acid and chloroform in an attempt to cure his illness.