Wednesday, September 30, 2009

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PHYSICAL TRAINING: STRENGTHENING OF LEGS


Anyone familiar with the diving knows that part of our anatomy that most exercise during the dive are the legs (except for cases such as people with disabilities), and helped them by the fins get in the water and propel it is important that our primary means of propulsion is in good shape to avoid inconvenience or upset due to possible situations that require extra effort.

To toned and strong muscles in our lower extremities in conditions there are several formulas, running, stair climbing, weight training and probably some more, I am going to suggest an exercise that I believe is essential to keep this part of our anatomy in shape.

The squat or squat

is considered the most comprehensive exercise to develop lower body. Made in any of its variants, the squat can focus specific muscle almost automatically.

During the technical execution of the squat, the bar should be placed on the trapeze and not on the vertebrae. From there, with good separation of legs, the performer begins to descend and keep your back straight at all times. The precise statement is usually "look up and forward, pulling the tail." Completed the descent, the athlete begins to extend the knee to get up and start a new Repetition.

is essential, among other things, start exercising after a good warm up. Flexibility is important in this regard. The athlete should not lift your heels off the floor, something he would lose his base of support. If this fails, you should use some sort of supplement, in gyms is very common to see weight disks are placed so that the player can support their heels.

then different variations of the squat, analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of each. As a generality, we can distinguish four types of squat:

* 1 / 4 squat, where the performer does not reach the knee line. This variant can be practiced both by experts and beginners, in the warm or main job, with little influence on athletes or high weight recovery in athletes who are still learning stage of technical movements. It is a relatively straightforward exercise, with little commitment to muscular or nervous because of its short range of motion.
* 1 / 2 squat (1 / 2 squat): here the athlete takes the hip to the knee line. This variant can be developed by prinicipiantes or experts, but has some detractors who oppose this motion arguing that the brake It is caused by muscle tension and not the bony confines, such as in the squat. Anyway, the 1 / 2 squat can move more weight than the squat because it uses the traction angle (90 °) at the knee. In this variant there is a greater involvement of the quadriceps relative to other lower body muscles.
* Sentandilla profound: without doubt the most intense variant of squats, only suitable for experienced athletes. Critics say that there is an unnecessary overhead at the patellar tendon. Unnecessary because, they say, the squat movement does not apply to any technical gesture. Proponents argue, however, that the degree of fiber recruitment is the highest, and that is why efforts should be made. In this version focuses work on glutes, adductors and hamstrings.
* Front Squats: This interesting Alternatively, very rarely seen, the bar rests on the anterior deltoid, with folded arms on it. Its proponents argue that the technique "download" the pressure on the spine, which is very true.

Another variation of the squat, more work on bodybuilders because of its specificity, is the squat with legs apart. Here the performer is placed at a distance of feet higher than shoulder width, focusing the work on the buttocks and the adductors.

But no matter which alternative is realized, but the care taken in its implementation. It is important to learn the correct technique of execution, then start working with low weight and increase it gradually. If you arrive to move very high loads, it is imperative the presence of an attentive assistant as prevention.

Sunday, September 27, 2009

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CANARY ISLANDS SPECIES: Chilomycterus ATRINGA


Common name: spiny

Family: Diodontidae. Coastal benthic species

Habitat: It can be found from 5 to 50 m depth, usually in caves and crevices during the day.

Overview: tropical marine species, the spiny animal is very beneficial in the Canary Islands since it is the main predator of the long-spined sea urchins, which are a blight on their costas.Pero due to their prominence when they swell, have been heavily harvested for ornaments in bars and homes. Luckily, have long since stopped fishing and little by little is repopulated. In the island of El Hierro is where most abundant. It has the ability to "inflate" swallowing water when you feel harassed, the increase in volume and the erection of the spines that has on the skin, making it a difficult prey. Inhabits the western Atlantic coast and east.

Thursday, September 24, 2009

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DIVE TEAM: ACCIDENTS


Stage 1

This is the part of the regulator is attached the cylinder valve, through a system of INT or DIN connection.
Its mission is to reduce the variable pressure of the cylinder at a constant pressure of 10 atm . above the ambient pressure

The Stage 1 is a source of air at a constant pressure of 10 atm. above the ambient pressure. For this to be so necessary that the water entering the area where the dock. Thus the external pressure of water is added to the spring force. In other words, whatever the depth to which we find between the interior and exterior of the hose will always be a pressure difference of 10 atm. Any manufacturer
1as adjusts its stages to 12 atm. but usually it is between 9 and 10 atm.

In a very schematic consists of:

A high pressure valve that opens and closes the passage between the high-end camera (in direct contact with the variable pressure on the bottle) and lower chamber, which will be 10 atm. above the ambient pressure and reaching for the hose to the low pressure valve located on the 2nd stage regulator.

2 º) A membrane that deforms or moves a piston, pushing and opening the valve discharge.

3 º) A spring that allows low-pressure regulation, which the factory and after the revisions must be set so that we of the 10 atm. mentioned.


How does

can be of two types diaphragm or piston, in this case we use the example of the mechanism of membrane.

Before the tap:
The spring and ambient pressure push and deform the membrane that holds the valve high, open (all the controllers when not connected with high open valve). At this time the lower valve (second stage) is closed.

Open the tap:
The air begins to flow, the pressure begins to grow past the camera high to low through the valve discharge. This pressure compresses the diaphragm against the spring until arriving at 10 atm. stop pushing the membrane valve high, allowing it to close. By now, no more air passes through the valve so the pressure of the lower chamber remains constant.
The value of 10 atm. depends on how strong or weak we have adjusted the spring. If the thread compress again this spring, we will need more pressure build up to allow close the valve and the pressure of the lower chamber will be higher.

During the dive: consume
As air pressure in the lower chamber is no longer in balance with the force exerted by the spring and ambient pressure transmitted through the membrane so the dock again pushes the membrane that in turn opens the valve high, allowing air to pass from one chamber to another until equilibrium is restored to 10 atm. This cycle is repeated every time we breathe or inflate the vest.


1 st Connections

stage a) High Pressure .- Communicate via a drill Alta.Está chamber marked with the letters " HP (High Pressure). Type of thread: SAE 7 / 16 "Minimum number of connections: 1 Accessories attached: - gauge or transducer High dive computer to control the air.

b) .- low pressure chamber communicates with the Baja. Normally no marks or occasionally with the letters "LP (Low Pressure). Thread Type SAE 3 / 8" . Minimum number of connections : 3. connect Accessories: Hose Stage 2 of the principal. Hose the auxiliary stage 2 (Octopus). Hose vest. Hose dry suit.

The low pressure (SAE 3 / 8 ") also connect the" low pressure gauge. "
This instrument is only used by manufacturers and technical services during the adjustment operation and calibration of the first stage. This operation controls the value and reduced pressure swing low.

In some early stages, some or all of the connections Low Pressure are located in a rotating turret, which facilitates the orientation of the attached accessories or even stress can reduce the hose from the main controller transmits the diver's mouth.

As we can see, the type of thread used for connections of high and low pressure are different. The reason is obvious: to prevent accidental connection of an attachment of low pressure to high pressure outlet.

long ago that this is so, but regulators in the first two connection types have the same type of thread ( SAE 3 / 8 ") . It was the technician who performed the proper connection. Then came adapters that allow regulators to combine old with new generation gauges. But all this is history and current sports diver must use only standard equipment and inventions flee home.

Monday, September 21, 2009

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REGULATOR II: RESPIRATORY barotrauma


PRESSURE PULMONARY SYNDROME

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

In emergency or panic, the diver may rise and drop sharply in depth apnea either dives of work and leisure.

Subject decompressive accidents that it can induce and depend on the maximum depth and time spent in the background, the sudden decrease of pressure will produce an increase in intrapulmonary air volume that can easily overcome in a short space of time the limit of relaxation and expansion, the diver during ascent must expel all the remaining air from the lungs of otherwise cause major organ damage. If for example the emergency was being produced at a depth of 30 meters theoretical lung capacity of 5 liters at a pressure of 4 atmospheres (405 kPa) will be converted into 20 liters to reach the surface, ie, the diver must be removed during the rise of 15 liters of extra air. Otherwise the excess volume intrapulmonary cause a series of adverse events. For a moment the chest cavity becomes a pressure vessel that maintains intrathoracic pressure above ambient. The trapped air will seek out all possible avenues permeated pipes and virtual spaces.
hyperextended lungs would exceed the limits of expansion and would cause tearing or rupture of the parenchyma, which in extreme cases could even lead to a burst lung. In case of obstacles to free air travel, due to mucus plugs eg in this case, the break could be limited to only one lobe or one segment.
Sometimes the lungs, well protected by its own structures could be adapted to the pressure without producing organ damage. In these cases the air out by natural look, becoming real and virtual spaces and open passages and arteriocapilares arteriovenous communications, maintaining the anatomical integrity but surely clicking extrapulmonary air to areas leading in most cases to a pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum , subcutaneous emphysema and gas embolism.

To avoid such problems it never hurts to take into account the possibility that one can find in a situation that involves the rise in sleep apnea and try to perform exercises in preparation for these cases. It is quite difficult to find a diver to be aware of these issues, especially because this instruction is usually given a very brief and not re-run by most divers, especially in the case of sports.

Friday, September 18, 2009

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APPLIED PHYSICS: ACT

Relationship between pressure and volume of a gas when the temperature is constant

was discovered by Robert Boyle in 1662. Edme Mariotte also reached the same conclusion that Boyle, but did not publish his work until 1676. This is the reason why in many books we have this law as the law of Boyle and Mariotte.


"In an isothermal process (constant temperature) the volume of a gas varies inversely proportional to absolute pressure at which this subject, while the density varies in proportion to the .


law Boyle states that the pressure of a gas in an enclosed space is inversely proportional to the volume of container, when the temperature is constant, ie

The volume is inversely proportional to the pressure:

• If the pressure increases, volume decreases.
• If the pressure decreases, volume increases.

Why does this happen?

By increasing the volume of particles (atoms or molecules) of gas take longer to reach the vessel walls and therefore collide less often per unit time against them. This means that the pressure will be less as this represents the frequency of collisions of gas against the walls.

When the volume distance particles have to travel less and therefore there are more shocks in each unit of time: increasing the pressure.

What Boyle discovered is that if the amount of gas and the temperature remains constant, the product of pressure and volume is always the same value.

As we have seen, the expression mathematics of this law is:

(the product of pressure and volume is constant)

Suppose we have a certain volume of gas V 1 found at a pressure P 1 the beginning of the experiment. If we vary the volume of gas to a new value V 2 , then the pressure changes to P 2 , and it shall come

which is another way of expressing the law of Boyle.

Example:

4.0 L of a gas are at 600.0 mmHg. What will be its new volume if we increase the pressure to 800.0 mmHg?

Solution: Substitute the values \u200b\u200binto the equation P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2 .


(600.0 mmHg) (4.0 L) = (800.0 mmHg) (V
2 )

If you clear V 2 get a value for the new volume of 3L.

HISTORY

Robert Boyle was born aristocrat home in Lismore Castle in Lismore, Waterford, Ireland, in 1627 seventh son and fourteenth in total, the wealthy Earl of Cork. Still a child, learned to speak Latin and French, being sent only eight years at Eton College, of which he was director of her father's friend Sir Henry Wotton. At 15, he started traveling with a French tutor. He lived about two years in Geneva and visiting Italy in 1641, spent the winter in Florence studying the paradoxes of Galileo Galilei, who pass away the following year.


In 1657, reading about the air pump by Otto von Guericke, was proposed with the help of Robert Hooke develop improvements in its construction, which resulted in the machine or pneumatic machine Boyleana completed in 1659 and it started with a series of experiments on the properties of air. In 1660, he published an account of the work done with that instrument with the title New Experiments PhysicoMechanical Touching the Spring of Air and Its Effects (New Physico-mechanical experiments on the elasticity of air and its effects).

Using such a bomb, was the first to demonstrate Galileo's assertion that in a vacuum, a feather and a lump of lead fall at the same speed, and also established that the sound is not transmitted in a vacuum. His most important discovery because of the vacuum pump was the beginning (called later, Boyle's Law) that the volume occupied by a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure with which the gas is compressed and also that, if eliminates the pressure, the air "recovered" (his own word) of its original volume. Having established that the air was compressible. Boyle was convinced that it was composed of small particles separated by empty space. All these ideas were published in a book with a title very long, often called "the elasticity of the air" played a significant role in establishing the idea of \u200b\u200bthe atomic nature of matter.

In the field of chemistry, Boyle noted that the air is consumed in the combustion process and that metals gain weight when oxidized. Recognized the difference between a compound and a mixture, and formulated his atomic theory of matter based on laboratory experiments.

Among the critics of the theories expounded in this work was the Jesuit Franciscus Linus (1595-1675), while answering his objections that Boyle enunciated the volume of a gas varies inversely pressure, known in the Anglo-Saxon as Boyle's Law, and the rest of Europe as Boyle's law, although the latter was not published until 1676.


Around 1689, his health, never very robust, began to fail, forcing him to withdraw from her public engagements, ceasing his communications with the Royal Society and making public their desire to be excused from receiving visitors, except in very special occasions, Tuesday and Friday mornings and Wednesday and Saturday afternoon. His health deteriorated in 1691 and died on 30 December that year when beaten by a court, just a week after his sister died, with whom he had lived more than 20 years. His body was interred in the chapel of St Martin's in the Fields, after a funeral officiated by his friend Bishop Burnet.

Wednesday, September 16, 2009

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BOYLE'S FIRST DIVE TEAMS


These devices were originally created for use in areas contaminated by smoke or poisonous gases. For years, were employed to conduct rescue work in mines and in areas susceptible to flooding. It was not until later that suggested the use of such equipment under water.

All teams closed-circuit self based on the same principle: the diver breathes again and again the same charge of air that is renewed by a chemical that absorbs excess CO2 generated by respiration.

prototype Stephan The Halls

The earliest references that are on these teams are a British botanist named Stephan Halls, who designed this facility to enhance the security of the British miners . The apparatus consisted of a breathing bag leather walls were lined with flannel soaked with a mixture of seawater and a chemical compound of sodium, chloride and phosphate of lime. A curved tube connected the breathing bag with a valve.

Salt and chemical were used to absorb CO2 from the exhaled air was breathed again. Halls himself claimed that the autonomy of this equipment was about 8 or 9 minutes, but experts believe that an allowance is disproportionate. The device contained relatively little air, so that despite the absorption of CO2, the diver oxygen depletion after a few minutes and come a time to die for lack of that component.

The first bottles of air

The first team was really effective Henry Fleus invented in 1876. It was a scuba apparatus compact, simple and easy to transport. Circuit was closed, and had a bottle of thirty atmospheres laden air and a cartridge containing CO2 absorbent.

This new mechanism was revolutionary, because it lengthened the time spent under water until 2 hours, but little depth. Soon after, the team thought a helmet incorporating copper, giving it the look of classic diver that everyone present.

Monday, September 14, 2009

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TECHNICAL DIVE BUOYANCY II


There are two maxims for good buoyancy:

Controlled breathing and correct use of the vest.

Any instructor or experienced diver will give you a memorable example: air-filled balloons, but when you lose ascend, descend.

buoyancy system of most fish is based on the swim vegiga :

membranous sac that possess the most fish by the gastrointestinal tract, and allows the fish to swim, float and maintain stability in the water by its swelling with gas. The filling and emptying system is created using a vascularized in which the gases diffuse through a fine network of blood vessels lining the bladder. Once achieved
buoyancy 0, allows the fish to remain stable without spending any energy. It is a unique organ in bony fish, fish not found in Chondrichthyes.

As we do not possess this type of organ in our body, we manage with the lungs and the vest.

controlled breathing.

P ara ascend gradually inspired air, and fill your lungs full or to reach the depth you want. To descend, empty the lungs slowly and you'll make with ease. Remember to make a quiet breath, because if you do it in a jerky fashion, will not reach to fill or empty air your lungs and not experience any rise or descenso.Tampoco have to do so sharply as you can not control the stability and depth properly.


vest Correct use:

should be deflated rapidly in any position. To do so, must use any strings deflation, not only the trachea or fly system. By immersing the trachea only when we loose air air vest and are upright with his head toward the surface. If on the contrary, we are in a horizontal position, the trachea is not useful for anything and we use other airless cords to descend.

The vest is not only deflates; should know when you get to inflate so as not to dive below the depth that is intended and also to avoid bumping against the bottom . Keep in mind that inflate the vest from time to time to reach deeper involves consuming no more air in the bottle , on the contrary, the effort will be made to maintain neutral buoyancy vest unfilled generate a much higher consumption of air.

Thursday, September 10, 2009

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DIVE TEAM: THE EARLY ORIGINS REGULATOR I



As you descend within the water, the ambient pressure increases at a rate of about 1 kg/cm2 for every 10 meters. deep. The musculature of the rib cage is capable of pumping air into our lungs winning only a slight difference in pressure between our mouths and carried out by means of our lungs. So when we dive into the water we need some device or talent that you provide air (or breathing gas), exactly the same pressure that is our environment (pressure will vary with changes in elevation).
On the other hand, this air must be supplied in the amount (caudal) necessary in every situation of demand (variable respiratory rate and volume ventilated by the lungs in each respiratory cycle) depending on the physiological characteristics of individual and the situation where you are (fatigue, stress, temperature, etc.).. This flow must be provided, of course, with minimal effort. Our air reservoir (bottle) is changing its pressure as we consume its contents. The respirator should not acknowledge this change and maintain their performance throughout the dive.
The device in question is called a demand regulator, as the air supply is not continuous but is produced when requested by our breath.

is important to clarify concepts such as flow and respiratory effort .

every breath a given respiratory rate, our lungs air the same volume of air, whether we are on the surface as if we are 30 meters. deep. However, in this volume of air surface is 1 atm. pressure and 30 mts. that volume of air at 4 atm. (1 atm. + 3 atm surface. Column of 30 meters. Of water). Ie we are moving the same volume but four times more dense. In our controller we are asking four times the flow. So consumption will also four times higher).
Another thing different is the effort (depression) that my lungs must exert to keep open the regulator valve and get that much air.
This effort must be as small as possible and measured in millibars (mbar ) or equivalently cm. water column (cm.c.H2O) . Will be negative during inhalation and positive during exhalation.
The air we breathe heavier as we descend. Therefore expected that the effort needed to breathe increases with depth and it is. In fact, the effort required to exhale through the regulator increases progressively with depth. However, there are engineering discoveries as the Venturi effect to make, during inhalation, the controller may put even more "soft", if well designed. Maintain controlled Venturi effect, without being over-pressure at any depth is another story. But do not run and go step by step.
For the amount of air flow or to ask a controller unit of measurement are liters / minute .


In order that a regulator has a low inhalation effort and nice behavior that controller must be submitted to a depth of 50 or 60 meters. (According to EN250 standard and U.S. Navy standards, respectively) and request a rate much higher than normal use.
Obviously for this to be objective, you must perform these tests with a breathing simulator contained in hyperbaric chambers, which reproduce the extreme operating conditions, obtaining measurements of effort and special graphics. The test conditions and interpretation of results were established first by the U.S. Navy and collected by the European Standard EN250.

Operation
regulator

used in scuba diving bottles filled to 200 atm. (In ground equipment such as fire, used bottles to 300 atm.). The regulator is going to reduce the variable pressure during immersion at ambient pressure. It would be virtually impossible to achieve a constant performance and the sensitivity required in a pressure reduction alone. Therefore, this pressure reduction is done in two stages. Even former regulators bitráquea were two stages (except for some very archaic model). In these two stages were built in the same metal body reported by a drill. In the current two-stage regulators are separated and linked by a flexible hose.

Monday, September 7, 2009

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find the first references to these techniques in ancient Greece (360 BC). The historian and philosopher Aristotle referred to in his "problematic," a device that could be from an air bag or cap to a diving bell. By your description it's likely to be a bell to which Aristotle himself called "Lebeta" or "cauldron".

Apart from the classic tales, the first rudimentary mills known through the stone carvings found in the Assyrian temples. In ancient Thebes, the temple of Deir el-Bahari, there are stone reliefs you underwater explorers accounts of Queen Hatshepsut, in the ninth century BC C. Where they show men swimming under water, feeding air to it contained in a skin of leather that hold with one arm.

The Crusades

also known that during the Third Crusade, was an Egyptian by the name Issa service of Saladin, who was in charge of swimming under the Christian fleet vessels to exercise besieging Acre messenger. Issa should reference the engravings of Deir-el-Bahari, and employing a full coat of air allowed to make their journeys submerged and without rising to the surface, where it could be easily discovered by enemy ships. As we can see, these skins or leather skins are loaded air, with slight variations, modern dive bottles that are used today.

Already in the twelfth century there are references to crude pumping systems, which allow extending the immersion time. Bohaddin The Arab historian, recounted that during the siege of the city crossed Ptolomais, Arab diver managed to penetrate the city using diving apparatus allowing him to receive air from the surface and he called the "bellows" or "jug." Unfortunately does not describe the device used, but presumably it was a kind of tube through which air is pumped aspired from the outside.

wetsuit

Already in the thirteenth century, we find the first full prototype suit diver. Kyes German author described in 1405 a suit to work underwater, consisting of a leather jacket with a metal helmet fitted with two glass windows. The jacket and helmet were lined with a spongy material for better air retention. The upper Hull came a leather tube connected to an air sac.

The contributions of Leonardo Da Vinci

Even the great Leonardo Da Vinci made his first steps into the world of underwater equipment design. In 1500, several elements designed for diving and wrote several treatises on it. Unfortunately, these designs were stolen at the time by Napoleon during his campaign in Italy.

Two of the models designed by the Italian inventor represent a simple respiratory ara use in shallow water. Is a sort of molded mouth to mouth, attached to the surface through a duct similar to the current airway. Thus, this mechanism could be what we now know as the mouthpiece of the tube or the regulator.

also Da Vinci could also claim "patent" of the face mask, as another of her designs displays a kind of full helmet and goggles, complete with a breathing tube to the surface. The same applies to the fins, a device to which the Italian inventor and then attributed much importance in the equipment of a diver.



Friday, September 4, 2009

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OF DIVING OPERATION PLANNING OF DIVING

Description

is done by closing the glottis (like when you're about to make an effort) then we take air and pinched nose can force the pronunciation of "K" or a "GU" guttural. During the maneuver increases the posterior dorsum of the tongue against the palate, while the Adam's apple rises and falls again. With practice you can perform the maneuver if pinched his nose with the advantage associated with having both hands free.

History

Hermann Frenzel
May 16, 1895 - December 3 of 1967
medical doctor from Germany and commander of the Luftwaffe in World War II designed and taught this technique in in 1938 for pilots and the German paratroopers, so that might make the ears while maintaining a free hand as performed declines sharply over the actions of bombardment or parachute jumps respectively.

Wednesday, September 2, 2009

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Frenzel, ESTIMATED RISK


Plan dives is to ensure a high success rate at the time to enjoy the dives. Good preparation keep away the mistakes that often wreak havoc with our dives. The planning immersion need not be a complicated task and should not be seen as the boring part of the activity. should be a part of the fun and enjoy our sport.


planning and control before the trip

Once reunited with his diving partner or group, decide on your goal in the dives. Explore
new dive sites, locating species, taking pictures, etc.. With one goal in mind, the dive must be planned by dividing each task and assigning the roles, who will lead the dive, etc.

advance
Choose a dive site is good for the target. Planning
alternative dive sites if meet conditions not suitable for its original objectives of the dive day. decide on the best time to go and directions.

Inspect all the computer.
Insure that the bottles are filled while wearing their own . Use a checklist to check the computer to see if anything is missing or has to be repaired before your trip. Each piece of equipment is very important. If you wait to make the findings of the team in place of immersion is possible that some of the equipment is broken or damaged and could cause cancellation of the dives.

Before embarking on the trip should be get a current weather report. Gather elements such as certification, insurance and log book, sunglasses, purse, lunch and refrigerator and ice. And of course do not forget the bag or computer case.


planning before diving

If you do not dive with a dive center must submit a dive plan to someone who will not make the immersion, ie to present their intentions to dive where the dive sites alternatives, departure and arrival time and instructions on how to act in case of delay.


Check back time to decide where to start and go out, check for signs of diving partner or peer group, and review what to do if you become separated or lost from sight.
Agreeing with respect to the maximum dive time, depth and air supply limits. In other words, just before entering the water is the time to discuss all things possible while still able to speak.


risk analysis

When performing a risk analysis, divers must not only identify risks potential should also be able to honestly assess their tolerance to dive out of the normal zone of comfort, including the degree of preparation, physical endurance and mental stress they can tolerate. When using a risk analysis of all potential risks are identified, most divers opt for lower risk profiles. It should be understood that the risk in diving, can not be deleted, but if you identify and minimize it. All forms of diving have some degree of risk.


Points to consider in the basic planning of dives.


The more extreme the dive, the higher the price in terms of risk exposure.


When handling the risk profile, divers must identify all potential variables and What if ....?


List all potential problem areas, propose a solution to overcome each of them. Once the list is complete, assess whether the risk is acceptable.


When exploring new areas, reduce risk by developing each goal progressively.


Visualization can help solve problems before they happen.


Regardless of her personal risk tolerance, there is no acceptable reason to push the limits of depth. Deep dives the diver with air exposed to the combined effects of O2, nitrogen narcosis, carbon dioxide retention. When these factors are combined with debilitating Physiological strenuous work because of poor environmental conditions (swell, strong currents, etc..), A dip that usually has an acceptable risk can put life threatening. Statistics show that deep diving records will continue to rise. The way to achieve this is accompanied by those who did not.


First

safety, do not forget to dive to enjoy our sport being embarrassed or not to take unnecessary risks.